A∙chikdrangni
gi 12 dialect-uni, Am∙beng ki∙sikba kutokha hong∙pa∙a aru jelbra
jelsubatgipbaba hong∙a. Indakgi jelbatda aru apbala biapdrangu pripra∙ani kri,
Am∙beng ki∙sik ganda∙in jolgipbinnuni biwal (aditda) katta wekbiwaldrangu dingdanggrikga
indiba ma∙sigrikgaia. Ia kan∙dikgipba sianiu, ia Am∙beng jolha jolgipbinnuni
dingdanggrikgaku janapna mangsongja indiba aditda Standard A∙chik
literature A∙we ki∙sikguni dingdanggrikgi wekbiwal kattarangkuha
janapbetna mangsonga. A∙we dialect-kuha∙in A∙chik
literature-u ra∙chakgani ha∙selu, Am∙beng ki∙sik aru gipbin dialect-drangni wekbiwaldrangdi
tengri∙ian (ta∙rakgen) gima∙angongaha ma∙na innuba ji∙in joltangni kutoktangni
ki∙sikku golpuwa uamangdi puraia sikkia dongja inni chonnikganiku
chagrongronga. Ia hin∙dikgi joltangni ki∙sikku aganu∙in onchepbaku man∙nani
ha∙sel∙in, bang∙a puraia sikkia donggipba aru dal∙druba∙onggipba dambidrangba
A∙we dialect-kuha∙in jakkalbatdongaha. Indiba 2018 bilsiuni, Am∙bengni didrang
su∙drang ki∙siktangku gamchatnikgi aru ma∙ambini ki∙bisringku ripbingna ja∙ku
di∙chagatdongaha. Ian jatna aru Am∙beng diritchudrangna katchabiani hong∙a,
maina Am∙beng ki∙ni man∙ni cha∙ani tangkamnajok. Iaku aganengu∙in, gipbin
A∙chik dialect-drangba jikai Atong aru Rugarangba dialect-tangku
ripbingna ja∙ku di∙na nangongjokha.
Ianu Am∙beng aganbiwalni A∙weuni aditda
dingdanganiku janapbetna sikbia aru ian Am∙beng Literature Society-ku
kulianinaba dakchakbiani hong∙nuwa inni anga ka∙dongbia. Ia dingdanganiku angni
sianidrang ra∙chakgimin standard Am∙beng kattadrangdi hong∙ja. Indiba Am∙beng
ki∙sikku sigatdaniu aru ripbinganiuna niam gitda ja∙rikgi sina jotna
man∙nuwa inninba, han∙tangni chanchianikuha∙in ki∙rang hon∙nani hong∙onga. Ianu
angni siani aru janapbani, iaku ja∙rikchong∙motna nangnuwa innidi mangsongja,
indiba jinma damha∙in sikkudrangku dondimmimingna chanchianinaha siani hong∙a.
Hai han∙ching namdapbatdanina jinma alnammi chanchirimna.
[A∙wecha siaku nina∙udi: Am∙beng ki∙sikni dingtangani aro maikai oirkorrangko sena nanga -
Chanchirimani (A∙we version)]
Anga
garo grammar, english grammar aru phonetics-drangku nammi dakgi ma∙sibrija,
aru altugipba (simple-u) sianiuha∙in janapbetdaronga. Saubadrang grammar-rangu
aru phonetics-u ning∙tubi∙i ma∙sigipbadrang ia Am∙beng literature society-na
namdapbatna kim∙kro ka∙na nangchongmotda. Joljol aditda angni nikganirangku aru
chanchianiku ki∙rangku (proposal-drangku) niangsikkarimna:
1. /eng/ → /ong/:
Bang∙batda ong∙onggipba kattarangu∙in
(progressive-rangu) jiu∙in A∙we ki∙sikgu /eng/
katta tongku jakkala, Am∙beng ki∙sikgudi /ong/
hong∙sikka∙a. Misokna gitda:
A∙we - Am∙beng: re∙angenga
- ri∙angonga,
hi∙angonga, i∙angonga; Cha∙enga - Cha∙onga;
Ringenga - ringonga
2. /s/ → /h/:
Am∙bengu /s/ oikolni pallu
/h/ oikolku jakkalrongbatda. Indiba da∙ururu chasong gitalni
Am∙bengdrang /s/-ku∙in jakkalbatdongaha aru /s/-ni
paludi /h/-ku
jakkalanikudi mandi gitchamni agananikuha∙in kinnabiarongjok.
Bang∙batda kattarangu∙in, A∙weni katta
jangchirangu /s/ gnang
jakkalgipba∙u, Am∙bengudi /h/ oikolkuha jakkalsikka∙a. Indiba aditda
A∙we katta∙u /s/ oikolcha
a∙bachengipba kattadrangudi, Am∙bengudi /s/
oikolku jakkalronggijaniku bang∙a kattadrangku nikna man∙na. Misokna gitda:
A∙we - Am∙beng: saksa – akha; taningsa –
taningha; damsa – damha; sakanti – akganti; paksa - pakha; ge∙sa - gi∙ha.
3. /r/ → /h/:
A∙weu aditda /r/ oikolcha ha∙bachenggipba
kattadrangu Am∙bengudi /h/ oikolku jakkalsikka∙a aru mitdam jolrangudi /r/
oikolku∙in ra∙gala ba jakkalsikkaja. Ia indikgi agannaniku mandi gitchamni
agannakuha∙in kinnarongongjok. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: re∙bo – hi∙bu, i∙bu, ri∙bu; re∙angjajok – hi∙angjajok, i∙angjajok, ri∙angjajok.
4. /chi/ → /cha/ ba /i/ → /a/:
Aditda kattarangu, A∙weu /chi/ katta
tongni palludi, Am∙bengu /cha/ katta tongku jakkalsikkabatronga.
Minggipbin dakgi talatsikka∙udi, A∙weu /i/ oikolni palu Am∙bengcha /a/
oikolku jakkalsikka∙a. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: Bachina –
bachana; nokchina – nokchana; skulchi – sikkulcha; maichi – maicha, maiacha, ma∙cha.
5. /an/ → /in/ ba /∙in/:
A∙weu /an/ katta tongu, Am∙bengudi /in/
katta tongku jakkalsikkabatronga aru mitdam jolni wekbiwal kattadrangudi /in/-na sikkang rakga dongronga. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: nokchianba
– nokcha∙inba, nokchainba; ba∙raan – ba∙ra∙in; tampian – tampi∙in, tanpiin; bachinan – bachana∙in; na∙an – na∙a∙in,
na∙ain.
6. /e/ → /i/ ba /e/ → /h/:
A∙weni /e/ oikolu, Am∙bengudi /i/
oikolkuha jakkalsikkabatda. A∙weu /e/ oikolcha, katta ha∙bachenganiudi,
Am∙bengudi /h/ oikolchaba ha∙bachengsikka∙a. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: gume –
gumi; name – nammi; ki∙me – ki∙mi; meja∙o – mija∙u, ong∙e – ong∙i, hong∙i; re∙a – ri∙a, hi∙a, i∙a; te∙brong
bite – ti∙brong biti; lekka sea – rekka sia; on∙dimkal∙e – hon∙dimkal∙i; mande – mandi; de∙ona – di∙ona; e∙king – i∙king, hi∙king, ri∙king; na∙ade – na∙adi; me∙a (male, bamboo shoot) – mi∙a; e∙sal – hi∙sal, i∙sal; eng∙a – heng∙a; enggok ra∙a – henggok ra∙a.
7. /o/ → /u/:
Am∙bengu, /o/-ni pallu /u/-kuha
jakkalsikka∙a. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: boning – buning; do∙o – du∙u; soa – suwa; kotip – kutip; kotok – kutok; mosa – musa; re∙so – ri∙su, hi∙su, i∙su;
ianoan – ianu∙in, ianuin; do∙bok – du∙mok; hoe – hu∙i, u∙i; roa – rua; rorama – rurama, ruamma, hi∙ramma; goe – gui, guwi; poraia – puraia, sosima – susimma, chusimma; ripoa – ripbua.
8. /a/ → /h/:
A∙we ku∙u /a/ aro /e/ oikolcha
ha∙bachenggipba kattadrang, Am∙bengudi /h/ oikolginnang
ha∙bachengsikka∙anirangku mandi gitchamdrangni wekganiku kinnana man∙na. Bang∙a
Am∙beng kattarangu∙in /h/ oikolcha ha∙bachenganiku nikrongbatda aru
A∙weu /h/ oikolcha ha∙bachenggipba kattadrang kumibia. Indiba da∙urudi,
/h/ oikolcha ha∙bachengani kattadrangku mandi gitchamdrangni agannaninidrangna
agridi, chasong gitdalni agannanidi komimanchabiongaha. Misokgani:
A∙we - Am∙beng: A∙ba – ha∙ba; a∙a – ha∙a; ola – hola; an∙senga – han∙senga, a∙bri – ha∙bri; a∙chik – ha∙chik; an∙ching – han∙ching; on∙dima – hon∙dimma; anga – hanga (wa∙alo jakku hanga); am∙a – ham∙a; ang∙ke – hang∙ki, ang∙ki; on∙a – hon∙na, ron∙a, ron∙na.
9. /rang/ → /drang/ ba
/simang/ → /ong/:
A∙weu /rang/ katta tongku, plural-na
jakkala. Indiba Am∙bengudi mandina, matburingna aru samboldrangna /drang/,
aro mandenaha∙in /ong/ katta tongku, pluralna jakkalsikka∙a. Misokgani:
A∙we - Am∙beng: manderang –mandidrang,
mandirang; do∙orang – du∙udrang;
na∙simang - na∙song; na∙mang – no∙ong;
matchurang – masudrang; na∙simangba
– no∙ongba; me∙chikrang – mi∙chikdrang,
mi∙chikkarang.
10. /u/ → /i/:
Aditda bang∙bia kattadrangu∙in A∙weni /u/
oikolku jakkalaniu, Am∙bengu /i/ oikolku jakkalsikka∙anidrangkuba nikna
man∙na. Misokgani:
A∙we - Am∙beng: ku∙sik – ki∙sik; butchuma
– bitchima; bimung – biming;
ga∙subebea – ga∙sibibia.
11. /t/ → /d/:
A∙weu /t/ oikolginnang wekgipbakuba
aditda Am∙beng kattadrangu /d/ oikolku jakkalsikka∙anidrangku nikna gitda
man∙a. Misokgetani:
A∙we - Am∙beng: dingtang - dingdang; dingtang dingtang - dingdang
dingdang; dingtang gatang - dingdang gadang.
12. /gen/ → /nuwa/ ba /nawa/:
A∙weu /gen/ katta tongni pallu, Am∙bengudi /nuwa/ ba /nawa/ katta tongku jakkalsikkabatronganiku nikna man∙na, indiba
da∙ururdi /gen/ katta tongkuba jakkalbatdongaha. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: cha∙gen – cha∙nuwa,
cha∙nawa; ringgen – ringnuwa, ringnawa; re∙anggen
– ri∙angnuwa, hi∙angnuwa, i∙angnuwa; atchonggen –
asongnuwa, asongnawa; song∙gen – song∙nuwa.
13. /baksa/ → /ming/:
A∙weu /baksa/ preposition-kudi,
Am∙bengudi /ming/ katta tongku jakkalsikkabatronga. Misokgani:
A∙we – Am∙beng: Ramke baksa Omet
Americachi re∙anga – Ramkeming Omet Americachi hi∙anga; Togan baksa sawa
re∙anggen? – Toganming sawa hi∙angnuwa?
14. Mitdam
oikolku mitdam katta tongu jakkalgijani bidingu:
A∙weu, A∙we ki∙sikni aganna ki∙rang gitda aru
phonetics-ni gitda mitdam oikolku sianiu jakkalja. Indiba ua ji oikolku∙in A∙we
kattarangu jakkaljachim (galachim), Am∙bengu sianiudi jakkalna ba ra∙gatna
nanga inni anga chanchia aru jakkalkan janapbaniku dakna sikga. Ua oikolrangku
Am∙benguba jakkalgija siudi, kinnatubigipba mitdam Am∙beng jolni aganbiwal
kattadrangdi gima∙angkunuwa. Ua ka∙ma∙u misokgimmin gitda sigenchimmudi asol
ki∙rangu sigimminku nammi puraina man∙na aru ian ripbinganiba hong∙nuwa.
Uandakgi sigenchimmudi katta tongrangkuba (syllable-kuba) nami baakna
altubatda. Misokganidrang:
i) k → (k + g) → kg:
A∙we - Am∙beng: mikil –
mikgil; raka – rakga; riking –
rikging; kata – katda; ga∙aka – ga∙akga; baka (dig) – bakga,
baaka (distribute) - baakga, simsake – simsakgi, sakanti – akganti,
cha∙toka – cha∙tokga.
ii) p → (p + b) → pb:
A∙we - Am∙beng: janapa –
janapba; sapa – sapba; a∙bachenggipa – ha∙bachenggipba, a∙bachenggipba; nangchapa – nangchapba; ripia – ripbia.
iii) t → (t + d) → td:
A∙we - Am∙beng: talata –
talatda; on∙ata – on∙atda, hon∙atda, ron∙atda; chotalata – chutalatda [chu-tal-at-da];
mitam – mitdam; be∙ata (break)
– bi∙atda; bi∙ata (request) – bi∙atda.
15. Vowel oikolgri katta tongni bidingu:
Standard A∙chik literature-u katta tong
(syllable), vowel oikolgri dongna man∙ja. Vowel oikolgri katta tong dongna
man∙jagenchimuba, mitdam kattarangudi vowel-ku jakkalgija sianiku nikna man∙na.
Mitdam kattadrangu (jikai, skatang, skia...), muana katta tongo
vowel-gri jakkala? Uandakgipba kattadrangku ta∙rakgi
agana, ba ka∙sinkal∙i aganna aru ta∙rakpretdi aganna dakgi nitaitaiu ki∙ranguniku
hon∙titi dingdanganiku ma∙sirikna man∙na. Ji katta∙uan, ta∙rakkal∙li
agannengmitingu ua vowel-ni ki∙rangku (sound-ku) kinnasraprikgija gitda dakpilli
ta∙rakga, uandakgipba kattarangu (jikai cha∙mnoka, seng∙gnang, jakskil)
vowel /i/ oikolku jakkaljaha aru vowel-gri gitda nikgaiaha. Ua jeni
jatchiu∙in /i/ vowel-ku jakkalja, uarangara: sp, st, sk, gn, bl, mn,
bl, tl, ml, aru sn hong∙a. Ia oikol gi∙gniprakni jatchiu
vowel / i / oikolni gam∙ma ta∙rakga aru ta∙rakgi agannaku
kinna∙ariudi, vowel donggija gitda chanchiman∙naria. Indiba uandakgipba kattadrangku,
ka∙sinni agantaitai∙i niudi consonant oikol gi∙ginnini jatchiu oikol / i /
donga inni nammi∙in ma∙sia. Indiba ta∙rakgi gam∙mitrongani ha∙sel, standard
literature-u / i / oikolku consonant gi∙ginnini jatchio
jakkaljaha.
Indiba A∙we kattarangu mitdam ta∙rakgi
gam∙gipadrangu single apostrophe-ku jakkala, jekai p’lak,
aro b’laka. Ka∙sinni puraiudi p’l aro b’l consonant-ni
jangchiu single aposthophe-ni pallu /i/ donganiku uina man∙na, indiba gam∙mani
sul ta∙rakga. Indiba Am∙bengudi jangchiu vowel / i /
oikolku galna jakkija aru jakkallu∙in namgnirarang bang∙nuwa, maina ji kuna
noksikni Am∙beng wekbiwal rokkomku ma∙sina dakchakga.
Am∙beng ki∙sikgu, bang∙a katta∙uan
agansottongani bang∙bia. Indiba uandakgipba kattadrangudi Am∙bengu ka∙sinni aru
ta∙rakgija agananiku kinnarongbata. Uni gimin uandakgipba kattadrangu jiu∙in
standard A∙chik literature-u oikol gi∙gnini jatchiu /i/ oikolku
jakkaljachim, Am∙bengu sia jotdaniudi jakkallu∙in nambatda aru altubatda, aru
bang∙a namgnirang dongmancha∙a. Misokganidrang:
i) / sk /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: skia – sikkia, ska (want) – sikga, sko – sikko, sku – sikku, skroka – sikkrokga, skapong (kosak) – sakgapong, da∙skari – da∙sikkari, skatang – sikgatang, skang – sikkang, ja∙skil – ja∙sikkil.
ii) / st /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: stua – sittua, stapa – sittapba, stonga – sittonga.
iii) / sp /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: spronga, sponga (blow air or dust) – sippronga, sipponga, an∙spo moa – an∙sippo moa, spaka (unpleasant taste; push)
– sippakga, cha∙spa ringspa – cha∙sippa ringsippa.
iv) / gn /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: seng∙gnang – seng∙ginnang, okgnang – okginnang, gnang – ginnang, neng∙gnok – neng∙ginnok, namgnirang – namginnidrang, gni(two) – ginni.
v) / bl /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: beng∙b’lok – beng∙bilok, b’lek bil∙chek – bil∙ek bil∙chek, b’laka – bilaka.
vi) / sn /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: sninga (imitate) – sinninga, sroa snama (borrow) – srua sinnama, wa∙al snama – wa∙al sinnama, snare – sinnari, sinnaru; snila – sinnila, sinnilla, sneng - sinneng.
vii) / mn /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: mnio – minnio, minniu, cha∙mnoka - cha∙minnokga.
viii) / pl /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: p’lak – pillak.
ix) / tl / aru / ml /:
A∙we - Am∙beng: nam’long (naked)– namilong; kum’long kut’long – kumilong kutilong; kum’leng sut’leng – kumileng sutileng; t’long t’long ga∙akonbaa – tilong tilong ga∙akkonba∙a.
Uandakgipa kattarangu, gi∙gni consonant oikolni
gisepbu /i/ oikolku jakkalanawana ma jakkaljawanuwama, ian jinmani chanchirimmi
niamku ra∙gatdaniuha pangchaknuwa. Indiba Am∙benguba uandakgipba ta∙rakgi
aganbiwal bang∙ian donga. Uni gimmin angadi minggniu sianiku∙in ra∙chakganiku namnikganidi:
Ka∙sinkal∙li wekgipba∙u /i/ oikolku aru ta∙rakbatdi wekgipa∙u single aposthophe
( ’ ) chinku, uandakgipba consonant gi∙ginnini jangchiu jakkallu namnuwa.
Misokgani: seng∙ginnang ≈ seng∙g’nang; sippronga ≈ s’pronga; cha∙minnokga ≈ cha∙m’nokga; pillak ≈ p’lak; sinninga ≈ s’ninga.
Misokgani: seng∙ginnang ≈ seng∙g’nang; sippronga ≈ s’pronga; cha∙minnokga ≈ cha∙m’nokga; pillak ≈ p’lak; sinninga ≈ s’ninga.
16. A∙chik
standard-u /w/ oikolni bidingu:
A∙chik standard-u, /w/
oikolni bidingu jakkalna nanga gitda gam∙gipba ku∙rangu jakkalgijagipbarangu,
Am∙beng sianiudi jakkallu∙in nambatnawa. Angni chanchiani gitdadi
standard literature-u mitdam kattarangu, ji A∙we ku∙rangu∙in dipththong
/ au / ni sullu gam∙manga uarangudi /w/ oikolku
jakkaljaha. Jekai, namnaua, aua aro mikaua. Indiba bang∙a
changu∙in Am∙beng sulo, ia kattadrang akkiha dingdanga. Uni gimin Am∙bengu
sianiu, /w/ oikolku jakkalna nange nikga. Misokganidrang:
A∙we - Am∙beng: namnaua – namnuwa; namnoa - namnuwa (namnua); man∙aua – man∙nauwa, man∙nuwa; aua – auwa, abuwa, abua; dongtoa – dongtuwa, (dongtua);
ga∙sua – ga∙suwa; guala – guwala, giala.
Ianuba∙in /w/ oikolku jakkalnuwama ma A∙weu
siani biwalku ja∙riknuwama, jinmani ja∙ku di∙aniuha pangchaknuwa ma∙chaknuwa.
17. / r /
aro / l / oikolrangni bidingu:
Ia / r / aro / i /
oikolrangu∙in aditda mandidrang jaja∙aniu chagrongrongbia. Uni gimin, kattani
bon∙kam∙mau ba katta tongni bon∙achapakdi (ending-u) /r/-ni pal /l/-kuwan
jakkalna nanga. Uandakgipba kattadrangku chanchiaton, aditda A∙chik ku∙u
kattani bon∙achapak /r/-ku jakkalgipba Bengali ba Assamese katta∙uni
ong∙rongbatda inni nikna gitda sakkirang donga. Jekai oikor ba
oikorrang (A∙weu siani). Indiba Am∙bengu oikol inni
jakkalluha nambatnuwa. Am∙bengni ku∙rangu, / r / aro / l /
joljol apsan dongna nangu∙in, joljol / lr / dongna amma indiba
joljol / rl / ong∙na amrongja. Misokgani: Oikolrang ong∙na
man∙na indiba oikorlang ong∙na man∙ja, oikorlang ine
siudi ortu∙in gima∙aha. Apsan dakgi, bichal (bichar hong∙januwa)
18. Gi∙ha
oikolku gi∙gni joljol ong∙na kragipbani bidingu, jian katta tong gi∙ginniu sul
donga:
Ia / l /, / m /, /
n / aru uandakgipba oikolrangu gi∙gni ba changgni joljol jakkalna nanggipba∙u
A∙weu jakkaljaha. Indiba Am∙beng sianiudi, ji oikollin joljol gi∙ginni katta tongu
sulku on∙na, uandakgipba kattadrangudi changgni jakkallu∙in nambatnuwa,
inni nambatnikga. Jikai, pallonga [pal-long-a] (palonga) aru pallaming (palaming).
Ia misokgimminnu /l/ oikol gi∙gni katta tonguan sulku on∙na. Uni gimin,
uandakgipba kattadrangudi joljol consonant oikolku sina nanga, inni hanchirimna
namnikga. Misokganidrang:
nama ↔ namma (nama), name ↔ nammi (nami), chona
(small) ↔ chonna (chona), chona ↔ chuna, aru ama (victory) ↔ amma
(ama), niamo ↔ niammu, niamu),
gitchamo ↔ gitchammu (gitchamu), ama (mother) ↔ ama,
gimik ↔ gimmik (gimik), agana ↔ aganna (agana),
segenchimode ↔ sigenchimmudi (sigenchimudi), sana
(treatment) ↔ sanna (sana) aru indakgipbadrang.
Ianuba∙in jilma ma∙ku melinuwa,
joljol gi∙gni oikolku jakkalnuwama ma jakkaljanuwa, tom∙bimongi niam retdiku
ra∙gatdaniuha ma∙chaknuwa. Angni aganpa∙anidi, ji katta∙uan oikol gi∙ha∙innan gi∙gni
katta tongu sul donga, gi∙ginni oikolku jakkalu∙in gamchatdanidrangdi
bang∙batdaniku nikga.
Ia∙in dingdangmancha jinma chanchirimna
nangbiani. A∙wecha rakga totdani biwalu∙in ja∙rikangkunuwama ma Am∙beng biwalu
dingdang niammu ja∙riknuwa? Angni nikaniudi Am∙beng biwalu dingdang akkiha
dingdangi tariu∙in nambatnawa. Rakgani ja∙man consonant-ni sul gam∙chapbani
donggipba∙udi, Am∙beng biwalu rakgani ja∙mannuba rakgana sikkang
donggipba oikolku∙in jakkallu namnawa. Misokgatdani: chol∙engku → chol∙leng [chol∙-leng], pil∙engku → pil∙leng [pil∙-leng], man∙ako → man∙naku [man∙-na-ku], chon∙aku → chon∙na [chon∙-na], ram∙a → ram∙ma [ram∙-ma-ku] aru nom∙a → nom∙ma [nom∙-ma].
Ianuba∙in misokgimin kattadrang gitda dakgipba∙u
rakgani ja∙man consonant-drangku jakkalnuwama ma jakkaljanuwa, jinmani
chanchirimma∙uha krongku∙in songnuwa.
20. English ki∙sikguniku
ra∙srugipba kattarangni bidingu:
Bilsi 2000-na sikkang, bang∙a A∙chik
songrangu∙in puraia sikkia dongjachim. Puraia sikkia dongja∙ani ha∙sel∙in ji
kattarang∙in A∙chik ku∙o dongjachim, English ba British-drangni ki∙sikku
agan∙pa∙u∙in nammi gam∙mitna changjaha aru han∙tangni man∙natanguha
jakkalsikka∙aha. Indakgi gam∙mitna changja∙enba man∙natangu agananian da∙udi
A∙chik ki∙sikha ong∙sikkabajok.
Misokgani:
English – Am∙beng: half pant – happen, appen; long pant – rongpen, longpen; lasker – ruskol, rusikkol; lamp – lem; lantern – lentin; sandal – sendil; bottle – botil, botol; cycle – saikel; busy – biji; petrol – petdrol aru uandakgipbadrang.
Misokgani:
English – Am∙beng: half pant – happen, appen; long pant – rongpen, longpen; lasker – ruskol, rusikkol; lamp – lem; lantern – lentin; sandal – sendil; bottle – botil, botol; cycle – saikel; busy – biji; petrol – petdrol aru uandakgipbadrang.
Agangimmin gitda bilsi 2000-na sikkangu,
han∙chingni ma∙gitcham-pagitchamdrangni aganba∙aniku Am∙beng ki∙sik inni
ra∙chakganidi krabia. Indiba ia da∙u chasong gitdalu gipbin ki∙sikdranguniku
ra∙srugipba aru ra∙chapgipba kattarangku mingsongbatdidi English
ku∙uniku Am∙beng ku∙tanguna gam∙mitdra∙i jakkalja∙udi nambatda aro krabatda,
maina ia chasongudi uigipba bang∙biaha, aro kinnanaba kinnadikga. Chasong
gitchammu, rua jarugipba mandi gitchamdrangni puraia sikkia dongja∙imingna gam∙mitna
changgijaniku ma∙sichakgi ra∙chakna kra∙a. Indiba chasong gitdalludi
gipbin English kattarangku Am∙beng hong∙atdraja∙udi nambatnuwa. Bibi∙in
A∙chik kattarangu /f/ oikoldi dongja indiba ia chasongudi gam∙mitna
man∙ja∙umangba sianiudi english katta asolku siu∙in nambatda.
Pa. Jesse Jamesni YouTube-u ki∙rangku
hon∙naniku anga namnikbia. Bia aganna, ji katta∙in han∙ching Am∙beng ki∙sikgu
dongja, ua kattarangkudi Am∙benguna gam∙drakgatdanidi namja, kraja aru
kinnadikga. Indakgi Am∙bengu donggijagipba kattaku, Am∙bengcha gam∙drakgatdi
sigenchimudi rokkom rokkom neng∙nikanirangku chagrongchong∙motnawa.
Jikai, picnic-ku saubadi pitmit, akgipin∙a pikmit, petmit,
petnit, pitnit inni rokkomariu agannuwa aru sinuwa. Aeroplane-ku∙a
aeruplane, aeruplan, eruplen, iruplen aro sauba∙a iruplain inniba
sisikka∙nuwa. Facebook-ku∙a mitdamdrang pesbuk, pisbuk, Facebuk,
pesbook innidrang. Mobile-ku mubel, moobel, mibel, mibail aro
rokkomari han∙tangni namnikgatangu. English-kura mitdamadrang
engra, inglis, englis, englisit, inglisit, aru uandakgi namnikgatangu
siettokgarinuwa. Indakgi gipbin ki∙sikguniku, ku∙tanguna jakkaldra∙i
siudi, bang∙a man∙dikbiani dongchongmotnuwa. Uni gimin, Am∙bengu donggijagipba
kattakudi ki∙sikgipinni gam∙mitdani sulu∙in baibai gam∙mitna aru sina
nangchongmotnuwa. Jikai kusakgu misokgetgipbadrangku picnic, aeroplane,
facebook, mobile aro english inni∙in gam∙mitna aro rekka∙uba sina
nangnuwa. Sikkangu, chasong gitchamni biwalku (aditda) gam∙drakgatdaku
ra∙chakgana agridi ia chasongudi gam∙drakgatdi jakkalna nangchongmotjanuwa. Uni
gimin, ji katta∙an A∙chik ki∙sikgu donggijagipbarangku,
ia chasong gitdallu, english kattarangku Am∙beng ki∙sikgu sidraja∙uan nambatda.
English-ku Am∙bengu sidra∙udi, namnikgatangu sitokgarinuwa. Ian man∙dikbiani
hong∙nuwa aru miksonganiku ha∙ainaba neng∙goknuwa.
21. English kattaming A∙chik ki∙sikku sichapbani bidingu:
21. English kattaming A∙chik ki∙sikku sichapbani bidingu:
An∙chingni sia jotdaniu, ku∙tangu katta
dongjagenchimudi asol english kattaku∙in jakkalna nanga aru english-ku
sichapgipbarangudi hyphen (-)-cha dingdangatdi (separate ka∙i) sina nanga.
Jikai ia article-u sigimmin gitda, chong∙mot english katta∙u A∙chik katta∙u
ra∙chapbi ba jakkalchapbi sianiudi, hyphen-ku jakkalaha. Kusakgu angni
sigiminku misokgatdonga: dialect-u (dialectgu), literature-u (literatureu),
dialect-drangni (dialectdrangni), society-ku, phonetics-drangku,
simple-u, proposal-drangku, sound-ku, vowel-gri aru gipbindrang. Ua indake
siu∙in niaba nituwa, english katta amakuba ha∙aia aru purainaba puraituwa.
Mua dakgi Am∙bengu sina jotna nanga jinma
chanchirimuha, namgipba bitidi nangnawa. Hong∙ja∙udi han∙tangtangni
namnikgatanguha siaritoknuwa, aru ian puraina miksulbiani hong∙nuwa. Am∙beng
ki∙sik bilongen apbala, aro uarang gimikku∙in galchangjana ripbingnadi ji
jol gimmik biapbu∙in Am∙beng diritchudrang donga, ua Am∙bengdrang
hi∙bachimongi chanchirimna nangnawa.
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A∙wecha siaku nina∙udi: Am∙beng ki∙sikni dingtangani aro maikai oirkorrangko sena nanga -
Chanchirimani (A∙we version)
"Am∙beng ki∙sik bilongi∙in apbala".
Iani bidinguba aditda talatdaniku sijotdetna mangsongonga, maina kuna noksikni
asol Am∙beng wekbiwalku gima∙atna nangjawajok.
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Article-u jakkalgipba chindrang (symbol-drang)
aru mangsonganidrang:
i)
Kattani ka∙ma∙u underline ka∙ani: Ian Awe aru Am∙bengu
dingdanggrikganiku misokgani [Jikai, cha∙enga – cha∙onga].
ii)
Striking-ni miksongani: Hin∙dikgi sija∙udi namnuwakon [Jikai,
gitchammu (gitchamu].
iii)
‘Almost equal to’ chin ( ≈ ): Ia gi∙gni siani biwalku∙in ra∙chakgu
namnuwakon. [Jikai, seng∙ginnang ≈ seng∙g’nang; cha∙minnokga ≈ cha∙m’nokga].
iv)
‘Left Right arrow’ ba ‘double head arrow’ (↔): A∙we sia biwalku
ja∙rikgenma, ma gitdal Am∙beng biwallu consonant gi∙ginniku sinuwa. [Jikai, niamo
↔ niammu, agana ↔ aganna, gimik ↔ gimmik, palonga ↔ pallonga).
v)
‘Single arrow’ (→): Am∙beng biwallu indikgi siu namnuwa. [Jikai,
nom∙a → nom∙ma, man∙a → man∙na, pil∙e → pil∙le]
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Minggipin A∙chik ku∙o segiminrang: